The twin cytokines interleukin-34 and CSF-1: masterful conductors of macrophage homeostasis

Macrophages are specialized cells that control tissue homeostasis. They include non-resident and tissue-resident macrophage populations which characterized by the expression of particular cell surface markers secretion molecules with a wide range biological functions. The differentiation polarization macrophages relies on specific growth factors their receptors. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) interleukine-34 (IL-34), also known as twin cytokines, part this regluatory landscape. CSF-1 IL-34 share common receptor, macrophage-colony receptor (CSF-1R), is activated in similar way both turns identical signaling pathways. However, there some discrete differential activation leading to activities. In review, we disscuss recent progress understanding role cytokines differentiation, from interaction CSF-1R pathways, implication macrophages. A special focus IL-34, its involvement pathophsyiological contexts, potential theranostic target for therapy will be proposed.